ALCOHOL

Alcohol-related harms are both:

• Immediate – impacting rates of hospitalisations, crime, violence, accidents and injury, traffic crashes and death by suicide; and
  
• Long-term – increasing rates of addiction, mental health problems, diseases like cancer, stroke and cirrhosis, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Alcohol harm disproportionately impacts Māori and Pacific peoples, young people and those living in lower socio-economic areas.

Promotion – how alcohol is marketed

Alcohol advertising and promotion normalises alcohol consumption and influences attitudes, knowledge and awareness of alcohol, particularly in young people and children. Evidence shows that exposure to alcohol advertising causes adolescents to take up drinking at an earlier age, and drink to a heavier extent.

• People with alcohol-use disorder have a particular vulnerability to alcohol advertising as it induces craving and cues to drink through a conditioned response.
• Children and young people are also at increased risk as they lack the ability to differentiate advertisements as marketing a product, or to make accurate judgements about them. Māori and Pacific children also have significantly higher exposure levels to alcohol advertising than European children.
• Māori and Pacific communities are also over-represented in high-deprivation neighbourhoods and are more likely to encounter shop front marketing due to the higher density of off-licences in these areas.
• Alcohol sponsorship of sports teams at different levels is widespread, exposing children to the promotion of alcohol from an early age. This normalises this harmful substance in their lives and increases their likelihood of drinking.

Hours - when you can buy alcohol

Trading hours contribute to alcohol related harm by increasing the hours that alcohol is available. A recent systematic review of 22 studies showed harm from alcohol increases when trading hours of on-licences are extended. Restrictions to trading hours for both on and off-licences were followed by decreases in assault, unintentional injury and drink-driving offences.

Density - the number and location of physical places that sell alcohol

Density of alcohol outlets has a significant impact on the level of alcohol-related harm in an area.

• Research carried out in New Zealand found the density of off-licences significantly increases the rate of binge drinking and alcohol-related harm.
• Another Aotearoa-wide study found how close you are to licensed outlets is strongly associated with increased hazardous drinking and levels of violent offending (e.g. common assault, non-aggravated sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, and tobacco and liquor offences).
• National research also found there are often more alcohol outlets is in lower socio-economic neighbourhoods than higher socio-economic neighbourhoods, and this has specifically been identified in Manukau.

Price – the cost of alcohol, including offers and discounts, as well as price competition between different places selling alcohol

Raising alcohol prices is internationally recognised as an effective way to reduce alcohol related harm. Policies that increase the price of alcohol delay the start of drinking, reduce the volume consumed per occasion by young people and have a greater effect on heavy drinkers.